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Integrated
Environmental Strategies (IES),
India Project |
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Health
Effects Analysis & Economic Valuation of Health Effects |
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Many countries are
struggling to meet public health and economic development objectives
while managing local and global environmental problems. Identifying
integrated strategies that provide multiple economic and health
benefits while improving local air quality and reducing greenhouse gas
emissions can help decision-makers make the most of limited resources.
The city of Hyderabad has been selected as the project site, for IES,
India Project. IES work will provide Indian policy makers with
recommendations backed by quantified analysis.
IHS is carrying out the
"Health Effects Analysis & Economic Valuation of Health
Effects" components of the IES, India Project. This project is
being taken up in collaboration with the Environmental Protection
Training & Research Institute (EPTRI), Hyderabad. |
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Geographic
Scope |
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The
health effects analysis will be carried out in the Hyderabad Urban
Agglomeration area (HUA), which encompasses a total area of 589 sq.
kms., and having 5.6 million population. This includes the Municipal
Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) area and
10 municipalities - LB Nagar,
Malkajgiri, Uppal Kalan, Kapra, Kukatpally, Serilingampally,
Rajendranagar, Quthbullapur, Alwal, and Gaddianaram, falling under
Ranga Reddy district. |
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Pollutants considered
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Since PM10, the fine fraction
(<10 m diameter) particulate matter concentrations are most
strongly associated with respiratory morbidity and premature
mortality, it has been identified as the criteria pollutant for both
ambient and indoor air quality analysis, as well as health effects
analysis.
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Objectives of the study
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- Develop an initial estimation of the
health impacts of air pollution in Hyderabad and their social
costs, based on available secondary data.
- Identify the most relevant health
and social welfare impacts.
- Identify data gaps and research
needs for future assessments.
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Tasks |
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- The health endpoints have been
identified for health effects analysis, based on a review of
existing epidemiological studies and local health data.
- Collect data on Demography and Base
Rates
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Population data: Demographic
data i.e., age-wise and sex-wise population data will be collected
from 10 municipalities of Ranga Reddy district and Municipal
Corporation of Hyderabad. |
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Mortality data: Data on all
cause and cause specific deaths, age and sex-wise, from MCH area and
the 10 municipalities belonging to Ranga Reddy district (the HUA study
area) will be collected from the respective Municipal Health Offices. |
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Morbidity data: for the
identified health endpoints will be collected from hospitals. A survey
was conducted to identify all HCIs, including OP clinics within a
radius of 0.5 to 2 kms. from the Air Quality Monitoring Stations (AQMS),
operated by APPCB. This was done to build a sampling frame of HCIs
using the APHIDB as the base. |
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Health Effects Analysis |
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Health effects will be estimated using
Damage Function Approach, based on the Rapid Assessment Methodology. |
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It involves the following steps: |
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- Computing total exposure in the
absence of regulation.
- Estimating number of baseline cases
for each quantifiable health effect.
- Computing total exposure with
regulation in place.
- Estimating number of cases for each
quantifiable health effect with regulation.
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Baseline scenario
exposure:
Number exposed X Amt. of baseline exposure X C-R coefficient
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Mitigation scenario
exposure:
Number exposed X Amt. of reduced exposure X C-R coefficient
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Quantified Health
Effects:
Baseline cases resulting from exposure to pollutants-
Post-regulatory cases resulting from exposure to pollutants.
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Economic Valuation of
Health Effects |
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Selected health endpoints will be valued
using the following methods: |
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- Economic valuation of
mortality
Human Capital Approach (HCA): This approach values mortality by
the loss of "productive days" due to premature death
and, hence the net present value of income lost.
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- Economic valuation of
morbidity
Cost of illness (COI) approach : Direct (medical) costs: Medical
costs for related hospitalisation (respiratory, cardiovascular),
average length of stay due to air pollution related illnesses, and
costs of emergency room visits. Source: NSSO 42nd (Morbidity &
utilisation of medical services) and 52nd rounds (Morbidity &
treatment of medical ailments), National Council of Applied
Economic Research (NCAER) & Health
Ministry.
Indirect (Lost work days) Costs - Loss of Productivity (patient
and attendants) due to restricted activity. Complete lost work
days can be valued at the average monthly wage. Minor restriction
days can be valued at 60% of wages ( Maddison et al., 1997).
Source: Labor Ministry.
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Updated on
05/05/2002
For
details and enquiries write to Satish
Kumar |
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